The temporary fastening of papers has been accomplished by 13th Century ribbon attachments , by the 1835 John Ireland Howe design of solid-head straight-pins, and by the 1899 Johan Vaaler paperclip invention. Vaaler, of Aurskog Norway, patented several paperclip pattern variations in Germany. The "Konaclip" was patented by Cornelius J. Brosnan of Springfield Massachusetts in 1900. The "Gem Clip", a double-oval shape, was then produced by Gem Manufacturing Limited of England. In addition to the standard double-oblong design, paperclips are triangular and owl-eye shaped, ribbed and coated. The paperclip is used in a variety of ways, including: bookmark, picture hanger, money clip, staple remover, sewing aid, curtain hook, and cord guide.